Soil
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Soil is a natural body consisting of layers (soil horizons) of primarily mineral constituents of variable thicknesses, which differ from the parent materials in their texture, structure, consistence, color, chemical, biological and other physical characteristics. In engineering, soil is referred to as regolith, or loose rock material. Strictly speaking, soil is the depth of regolith that influences and has been influenced by plant roots. Soil is composed of particles of broken rock that have been altered by chemical and mechanical processes that include weathering and erosion. Soil is altered from its parent rock due to interactions between the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the biosphere. It is a mixture of mineral and organic constituents that are in solid, gaseous and aqueous states. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or dirt; technically, the term dirt should be restricted to displaced soil. Soil forms a structure that is filled with pore spaces, and can be thought of as a mixture of solids, water and air (gas). Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three state system. Most soils have a density between 1 and 2 g/cm³. Little of the soil of planet Earth is older than the Tertiary and most no older than the Pleistocene. Darkened topsoil and reddish subsoil layers are typical in some regions.On a volume basis a good quality soil is one that is 45% minerals, 25% water, 25% air, and 5% organic material, both live and dead. The mineral and organic components are considered a constant with the percentages of water and air the only variable parameters where the increase in one is balanced by the reduction in the other. A soil profile consists of two or more layers called horizons that differ in one or more properties such as texture, structure, color, porosity, consistence, and reaction. The horizons differ greatly in thickness and generally lack sharp boundaries. Most soil profiles include three master horizons A, B and C. The A and B horizons are called the solum or “true soil” as most of the chemical and biological activity that has altered the soil takes place in these two profiles. From Wikipedia under the
GNU Free Documentation License Nounsoil (countable and uncountable; plural soils)
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GNU Free Documentation License SoilFrom Wikiquote This theme article needs cleanup. Please review , especially the , to determine how to edit this article to conform to a higher standard of article quality. This page has been listed as needing cleanup since 2009-12-21.Terms used in lieu of soil include terra, dirt, and, as applicable, land and ground. Sourced
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